In this paper, we have used numerical simulation to study failure of adhesive joints in composite plates. To determine the failure load, adhesive joints are subjected to different types of loading and gradual failure of the joint is studied using the finite element method. The composite material failure theory is implemented into the FEM software. Also different geometries for the joint edge are considered and effect of these geometries and fillet chamfer angle on the failure load are investigated.

Background: In orthodontic treatments, mini-screws are used when absolute anchorage is required for tooth movement. In daily clinical practice, it is common to observe mini-screws loosening after implantation. The aim of this clinical trial was to compare the failure rates of Iranian and Korean mini-screws utilized as orthodontic anchorage. Methods: In this study, 74 patients requiring anchorage with mini-screws in the upper jaw were randomly divided into study and control groups receiving Iranian (Poyanteb Company) and Korean (the JEIL brand) mini-screws, respectively. The patients were evaluated for stability or failure of the mini-screws at one week and then at one-, two-, and three-month intervals. Any degree of mobility was considered a failure. The data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA, Bonferroni post hoc test, and t test. Results: There were no significant differences in the stability of Iranian and JEIL brand screws when compared at intervals of one week, one month, two months, and three months (P>0. 05). Additionally, no significant differences were found when assessing the stability of Iranian and JEIL brands with 35 mini-screws in the buccal area. Finally, an examination of 39 mini-screws from both brands in the palatal region of the maxilla revealed no statistical differences. Conclusion: In comparing Iranian and JEIL brand mini-screws, no significant difference was observed in the failure rate, with both demonstrating adequate efficiency and stability. Therefore, to reduce costs for patients, Iranian brands can be utilized effectively.

Nowadays offering attractive warranty offers along with selling products become a common tool in marketing. Warranty offers make sure the customer about receiving some services in the case of product failure during its useful lifetime. On the other hand, they help manufacturers to protect their reputation in the case of product failure by providing repair services for their customers. In this study, a repairable product after initial performance test (which is known as the burn-in test) sends to the market with a non-renewable linear pro-rata warranty offer. If during burn-in test or warranty periods minor or major failure occurs, depend on the failure type, the product is repaired minimally, generally, or replaced. In this study, the cost model for these two periods is extracted and optimum values for the length of burn-in test and warranty period with the aim of minimizing average total cost from manufacturer perspective is obtained. In order to show the applicability of the proposed model, a numerical example is presented.

To study the sexual fertility and for a dermination of the mating types of the cause of rice bakanae disease and foot rot, samples of infected rice were collected from different regions of Guilan Province in during 2004.One hundred and thirty and three single-spore isolates were obtained from Khazar while nine isolates from local cultivars. Morphological identification was carried out employing the valid morphological identification keys. For fertility test, crosses were carried out among local isolates on Carrot Agar medium, four pairs of which resulted in fertile crosses. Sixty isolates were crossed with six standard isolates representing three mating populations and six mating types (MATA-1, MATA-2, MATC-1, MATC-2, MATD-1 and MATD-2). Of those isolates 23, 17, and 38% belonged to mating populations A, C and D, respectively. Aall, local isolates with fertile crosses were, included in mating population D. Furthermore, the ascosporous isolated from field perithecia, stood in mating population D. For pathogenicity test, 142 isolates were inoculated to Khazar seedlings nine of which showed no disease symptoms. The results of the study revealed that indicated three mating populations, A (F. verticillioides), C (F. fujikuroi), and D (F. proliferatum) are the cause of rice bakanae disease and foot rot in Guilan province, north of Iran Province.

2Introduction: The most common complication of chemotherapy is infertility due to premature ovarian failure (POF). POF is defined as the loss of normal ovarian function before age 40, characterized by increased gonadotropin levels, decreased estradiol levels, and diminished ovarian reserve, often leading to infertility. Despite the high impact of POF on general health and quality of life, the pathophysiology of this disease is unclear. For this purpose, animal models provide us with the opportunity to hypothetically investigate the pathogenesis of the disease comprehensively. The most common method of creating an animal model of premature ovarian failure is the use of chemotherapy drugs. In this study, the types of chemotherapy drugs and the relevant molecular pathways that play a role in creating the premature ovarian failure model in mice will be investigated Conclusion: According to the studies, cyclophosphamide drug is introduced as the most common gonadotoxic drug in order to induce POF model in mice.

Background and Objective: Probabilistic risk assessment through fault tree analysis is an effective tool to estimate the probability of hazardous event occurrence in chemical process industries. The probability of failure occurrence for basic events is not often available in process industries. The aim of this study was to calculate the basic event failure occurrence probability when these events have no precise failure data.Materials and Methods: In this study, the proposed risk assessment framework was based on two fuzzy-based approaches, including five and six scales. Firstly, the fault tree diagram was constructed using the risk identification methods. Subsequently, the failure occurrence probability of the basic events were calculated by applying the two types of failure possibility distributions. Finally, the critical minimal cut sets were ranked using the importance measure analysis.Results: According to the results, the failure occurrence probabilities calculated by the five-scale and six-scale approaches for the 32 basic events were closed to each other. The occurrence probability of the top event calculated by the five-scale and six-scale approaches were 3.64E-04 and 4.76E-04 per year, respectively. After ranking the minimal cut sets based on their calculated importance measures, the process failures were determined as the critical causes of top event.Conclusion: As the findings indicated, the fuzzy-based approach seems to be a good alternative for the conventional Fault tree analysis approach for dealing with the basic events, which have no failure rate data for obtaining the failure occurrence probabilities. This study confirmed the consistency of fuzzy-based approach for the assessment of the basic event failure occurrence probabilities.